Tuesday, December 27, 2011

Three minimum recommendations that all schools should be expected to meet, by Stephen Law

source: http://stephenlaw.blogspot.com/2010/03/what-sort-of-faith-schools-are.html

I attended this event in March 2010. The photo is mine.

Stephen Law says

'On Wednesday March 24th 2010 I had a debate with Peter Stanford, former editor of the Catholic Herald about faith schools, at the CFI event "What sort of faith schools are acceptable, if any?" in the Great Hall at Christ Church. A.C. Grayling was Chair and Richard Dawkins showed up too.

Peter (after several goes by me to get him to address the specific recommendations) agreed with my three minimum recommendations that all schools, faith or not, state funded or not, should be expected to meet:-


ONE. EVERY CHILD SHOULD BE CLEARLY TOLD THAT WHAT RELIGIOUS FAITH, IF ANY, THEY HAVE IS A MATTER OF THEIR OWN FREE CHOICE.

TWO. EVERY SCHOOL SHOULD EXPOSE CHILDREN TO A RANGE OF RELIGIOUS AND ALSO ATHEIST AND HUMANIST BELIEFS, EXPLAINED WHERE POSSIBLE BY THOSE WHO ACTUALLY HOLD THEM.

THREE. CHILDREN AT ALL SCHOOLS SHOULD BE ENCOURAGED TO THINK CRITICALLY AND INDEPENDENTLY ABOUT ALL RELIGIOUS AND MORAL BELIEFS AND VALUES.

More....

Religious indoctrination of children by John Duff

A short paper arguing against the religious indoctrination of children:

John Duff argues against religious indoctrination of children. On the last page he suggests that USA public schools should teach RE, comparing the roots of various religions and examing them so 'the negative aspects of religious ideology would slowly dissipate'.

Like we try to do in Dorset.

I quote from selected passages

"In America, where nearly nine in ten people identify with some sort of religion and 78% of the population adhere to some form of Christianity (Newport), there is an exploitation of children that is ignored by the majority: religious indoctrination. The indoctrination of any religious dogma is immoral and abusive.

Such dogma, original or not, is unproven by empirical evidence and to adhere to it "is a matter of faith rather than knowledge" (Hand Philos. 93-94). To educate a child in any field, one must either compliment their reason with empirical evidence or indoctrinate them. Religious ideology cannot be confirmed with "rationally decisive evidence" so a child's reason must be dodged in order to "psychologically" force these beliefs upon them (Hand Relig. 550). Therefore knowing that "all religious propositions are doubtful in this sense is sufficient to indicate that teaching for belief in them is always indoctrination" (Snook 74).
Religious indoctrination is a major contributor to the rampant problem of prejudice in the world; a well known example is homophobia and misogyny (Balkin, Schiosser, and Levitt 421)

Children should not be exposed to this cycle of ignorance. 

Down through history, the Church has practiced religious intolerance and can be found in the writings of early church fathers and leaders. The Roman Emperor Constantine I, who declared Christianity the official religion of Rome in 321 CE, supported the anti-Semitic stance of the church by stating "Let us then have nothing in common with the detestable Jewish crowd; for we have received from our Saviour a different way" (Pamphilus III, XVIII). This type of hatred has prevailed, and children do not deserve to be misinformed with this type of favoritism. Along with prejudice, indoctrination will have an effect on the cognitive and behavioral development of a child by teaching for belief in irrational doctrines and ideologies. In Christianity, according to Hanna and Meyer, children are taught to pray to an omniscient, moody, god who is also all powerful and ubiquitous. Children are taught to pray to this powerful god in hopes of obtaining answers when nobody else can be relied on or trusted. Beliefs of this nature will promote anxiety as children are taught that in order to escape punishment; one must obey god's laws. The cognitive problems arise with the belief in a contradictory, authoritative, supernatural force that can be good, bad, abusive or kind depending on the compliance of extremely ambiguous tenets. 

By taking a child's objectiveness and building a partition of ideology down their field of reason is fiercely abusive and, by doing so, the child's ability to rationalize as a free thinker has been suppressed (Wilson, Williams, and Sugarman 174-175). 

Pseudoscience also plays a major factor in the indoctrination of Christian dogma. For example, ancient mythological stories like a worldwide flood or a 6,000 year old Earth are taken literally by many Christians today. In a study taken from a Gallup poll, conducted in 2005 by Darren Carlson, 76% of Americans said "they would not be upset if creationism was taught in school". The belief that the Earth was created by a supernatural being, in its present state, is known as creationism or intelligent design. This widespread belief is also taught to children as an alternative to the empirical and verifiable scientific theories which play a major role in our everyday lives (Northwest). Furthermore, children who are indoctrinated with pseudoscience will also be put at a health risk by being taught that prayer or unlicensed medical attention is a means of curing diseases. In certain sects, people are encouraged "to seek outside assistance" by "asking for prayers and other rituals from clergy, relatives, and other church members". 

This epidemic of unawareness is a result of religious indoctrination and the vicious cycle needs to end. Encouraging pseudoscience, like creation mythology or superstitious practices, as reliable, is indoctrination and society can absolutely survive without it. Research has shown that the immorality of exposing a child to religious training incorporates prejudice, ethnocentrism, cognitive regulation, deceitfulness, and pseudo-science. But on the other side of the coin, religious training can provide a sense of community in which the child will make friends, have mentors, and carry on the family tradition (First Comm.).
Religion is a worldwide phenomenon that cannot be ignored, and sadly children will continually be forced to inherit the ignorance of their parents. Because of this fact, religion must be carefully examined and exposed to children but in a systematic setting. If the public school system offered a religious education class as an elective, the negative aspects of religious ideology would slowly dissipate. This type of equitable class could expose students to every extant religion of the world and the beliefs involved with each. Children could also be taught the historic roots of each religion and the comparative features of all which would include mythology as an understanding of how stories were relayed in ancient times and the role mythology plays in religion. A religious education class, as described above, would eventually strengthen our country, and world, by putting an end to the enmity that is all too common today. The United States of America needs to ditch the Bronze Age mind set, and make this 21st century transition one for the history books. "

Wednesday, December 7, 2011

How children should be taught in schools - AC Grayling

A.C.Grayling, British Humanist Association 2010 AGM.





Is inculcating beliefs in children moral? The Jesuits - "Give me the child till the age of seven and I will show you the man." (10m). Spartans inculcated boys to be soldiers. (16m) Is inculcating school ethos moral? Should children be taught that deities are real and do these children then rely on imaginary gods to solve their problems during a later life crisis?


How should children be taught? 'Dissenting Academies' taught children to think critically, take nothing on authority or trust, investigate evidence yourself (19m). 


Do children think about religious belief? Do school friends go to hell because they have different religious or non-religious beliefs? (23m) 

Thursday, December 1, 2011

AC Grayling on religion in education & why he does not subscribe to religious beliefs

In A.C. Grayling, To Set Prometheus Free, 2009, Chapter 2 Grayling says that he does not subscribe to a super-naturalistic worldview but instead a naturalistic worldview (page 31).


'If there is one practical move I would advocate towards diminishing the place of religion in human affairs, it is shriving education of it: that is the key to a better future.'
A.C. Grayling, To Set Prometheus Free, 2009, Oberon Books Ltd, London, Chapter 2, p. 52

Thursday, November 24, 2011

British Humanist Association Education Policy 2011

source: British Humanist Association, Group Representatives Annual Meeting 2011

3. Education

We are interested in education for three reasons:

  • we aim for the UK to be secular state with no privilege or discrimination on grounds of religion or belief. The continuing religious discrimination in our state school system is therefore a concern for us
  • we aim for Humanism to be better understood as an ethical and fulfilling non-religious approach to life and so we have an interest in ensuring that it features on the school curriculum, especially since religions do
  • most humanists see education as a vital process and have been rich contributors to both the philosophy and practice of education. We have an interest in promoting better education that will meet these aspirations because we promote humanist perspectives in public debate and policy
We concentrate on laws and policies that are discriminatory and violate principles of human rights or equality in state-funded schools or on matters where we have a distinctive humanist view. For example we work for:

  • an end to religious discrimination in school admissions
  • an end to religious discrimination in school employment
  • progressive reform of the school curriculum
  • inclusive assemblies in place of mandatory religious worship
Some of the issues we work on are specific to state-funded religious schools (‘faith’ schools) while others apply to education generally but are exacerbated in ‘faith’ schools. Because of this, we also work generally for an end to the expansion of faith schools and the reform of those that already exist into inclusive schools.

a. School Curriculum

One of our aims is to promote a humanist perspective on public policy issues. Many humanists have had a profound interest in education and so the school curriculum has naturally been a focus for us. In practice, we concentrate on aspects of the curriculum where the humanist voice is excluded or weak or where others are actively promoting policies at odds with our principles.

Beliefs and Values Education (‘Religious Education’)

We believe that all pupils in all types of school should have the opportunity to consider philosophical and fundamental questions, and that in an open society we should learn about each other’s beliefs, including humanist ones. We want a subject on the curriculum which helps young people to form and explore their own beliefs and develop an understanding of the beliefs and values different from their own; enriches pupils’ knowledge of the religious and humanist heritage of humanity and so supports other subjects such as History, English Literature, Art, Music, and Geography; allows pupils to engage with serious ethical and philosophical questions in a way that develops important skills of critical thinking, reasoning and inquiry.

The usual contemporary justifications for the subject of ‘Religious Education’ (‘RE’) in the school curriculum – its contribution to social cohesion and mutual understanding, its presentation of a range of answers to questions of meaning and purpose, and its role in the search for personal identity and values – can best be served by including humanist perspectives and non-religious students.

We therefore work for reform of the current subject of ‘Religious Education’ so that it will become an inclusive, impartial, objective, fair, balanced and relevant subject allowing pupils to explore a variety of religions and non-religious worldviews, sitting aside other Humanities subjects in the curriculum and with the same status as them. We want this subject to be a national entitlement for all pupils and not, as currently, drawn up on a local basis by each individual local authority.

In practice, our work in RE focuses on ensuring non-religious perspectives are included (e.g. atheism taught about clearly when beliefs about god are being taught, and Humanism taught about as a non-religious approach to life) and opposing any confessional teaching in state schools, where pupils are instructed in a particular religion and denied their entitlement to a balanced and objective syllabus.

At present in most schools RE is (meant to be) given according to a syllabus locally agreed by an Agreed Syllabus Conference comprising committees representing the Church of England, other religions and denominations, the teachers and the local authority. We want this antiquated system abolished and prefer a national syllabus drawn up by educational and other experts. Until such reform is achieved, we want humanists to be admitted as full members of these Conferences and Humanism to feature on the syllabuses.

We are willing to see the parallel bodies, the local Standing Advisory Councils on Religious Education, continue as a channel for consultation between teachers and local religion and belief communities and want to see humanists included equally with religious people on these bodies, as many increasingly are.

Monday, November 7, 2011

'Inclusion in a syllabus is just a beginning' - Margaret Nelson


Three good ideas from humanist Margaret Nelson at Suffolk SACRE (BHA Private Forum February 2010)

1) Our county RE advisor invites a different RE teacher to every SACRE meeting, to talk about his or her approach to the subject. 
2) send every high school in the county a copy of  Humanist Perspectives 2 with a covering letter
3) Humanists join Inter-Faith group

Margaret says:-

'Although there was no problem about including humanism and secular world views in the Suffolk RE syllabus, there's still a problem about ensuring that they're being properly taught.

Our county RE advisor invites a different RE teacher to every SACRE meeting, to talk about his or her approach to the subject.

On several occasions, one has spoken for 10 or 15 minutes without mentioning humanism, and I have asked why not. The reasons they gave varied a little, but all seemed to boil down to ignorance; one teacher said that he didn't know enough about humanism, another said she hadn't got around to it yet.

Several schools have tried to get round the problem of covering humanism and some of the religions they don't know about by inviting me and/or a group of speakers from Suffolk Inter-Faith Resource to a half-day or all day session - I've got one in a couple of weeks. This is all very well, but not something that the advisor approves of. It means that the teachers are saved the bother of actually doing any research, while allowing them to tick a box.

Last September, thanks to a generous donation from one of our members, Suffolk Humanists & Secularists sent every high school in the county a copy of  Humanist Perspectives 2 with a covering letter, as follows:
_________

Dear RE teacher,

I’m a member of Suffolk’s Standing Advisory Council for Religious Education (SACRE). I helped to devise the RE syllabus that was introduced in September 2007.

I’m also a Humanist speaker who visits schools to talk about Humanism and related subjects in RE and at school conferences and assemblies, sometimes through Suffolk Inter-Faith Resource – I’m a SIFRE tutor.

I’ve heard some RE teachers say that they haven’t got around to including Humanism and atheistic, non-theistic or naturalistic world views in their lessons (described in the syllabus as “secular world views”) because they don’t know much about them.

I hope that this copy of Humanist Perspectives from the British Humanist Association, a gift from Suffolk Humanists & Secularists, will help RE teachers.

The population of Suffolk is about 668,500. We know from various research projects that about a third of the population isn’t religious and that a majority of secondary school students would describe themselves as atheist or agnostic, while an Ipsos MORI poll conducted for the British Humanist Association in 2006 showed that about 10% of the population is broadly Humanist in outlook. We estimate that about 66,800 people in Suffolk – the largest group, in terms of beliefs – could be described as Humanist in outlook. This means that a significant proportion of your students won’t have a religious faith and are less likely to have one than their parents or grandparents. In my experience, these young people are no less moral in their outlook than their peers, or less interested in the big questions in life than religious people might be. In fact, I’ve found that many of these young people are passionately concerned about the sort of issues that you might cover in RE lessons. It’s important that they have an opportunity to explore alternatives to religion.

I’m enclosing an information sheet with some useful URLs. If there’s anything else you’d like to know, please don’t hesitate to get in touch. My phone number is xx, or you can email me – xxx

Wishing you a successful and interesting new term,

Yours sincerely,

Margaret Nelson'

Wednesday, September 28, 2011

Collective Worship in schools - BHA position

What is the position of the BHA on 'Collective Worship' in UK schools?

BHA say 
'The BHA campaigns for inclusive school assemblies and against ‘collective worship’ in school, which excludes and offends many and is a matter of concern to teachers and head teachers, parents and pupils, and many religious people and organisations as well as humanists.


Parents have the right to withdraw their children from collective worship in all state schools and since 2007 sixth form pupils and those over compulsory school age at state maintained schools have also been able to withdraw themselves from worship (the BHA lobbied in favour of this change, which was introduced by Section 55 of the 2006 Education Act). However, these are not proper or satisfactory solutions.


We want to see the immediate withdrawal of current DfE guidance (Circular 1/94), and Welsh guidance (Circular 10/94) which gives a narrow interpretation of the legal requirement for ‘broadly Christian’ worship, and its replacement with new guidance encouraging inclusive assemblies and making it simpler for schools to seek ‘determinations’ in order to hold assemblies suitable for all their pupils. This would be followed by repeal of the legislation requiring acts of worship in schools, and changes in legislation to give schools much more flexibility about how they conduct assemblies, with schools offering space for optional worship for those who want it. See our policy statement A Better Way Forward (updated in 2006 and soon to be revised again to reflect further changes in education).'

Reference: http://www.humanism.org.uk/campaigns/religion-and-schools/worship-in-schools


Method
I searched the BHA website (27/9/11) for 'collective worship' which gave 224 hits. The key BHA documents for 2010 to date are:-
BHA BRIEFING: Education Bill, Lords 2nd Reading, 8th June 2011
The Education Bill fails to free schools from the central dictate that they must hold a daily act of collective worship that must be ‘broadly Christian’ in character.

Failure to repeal compulsory collective worship 
We are disappointed that, despite high profile opposition from education practitioners as well as a government commitment to freeing schools from prescriptive rules and regulations, a repeal of the duty for all schools to participate in a daily act of worship that is ‘broadly Christian’ in character is not, as yet, included in the Bill. This law impedes schools’ ability to provide good inclusive assemblies, is prescriptive and in practice is widely flouted by schools. In addition, the rule violates the human right of freedom of belief of children. This Bill is an ideal opportunity for the repeal of this outdated and restrictive law

Reference: BHA BRIEFING: Education Bill, Lords 2nd Reading, 8th June 2011

BHA BRIEFING (A): Education Bill Lords Committee Stage, June-July 2011
This amendment would straightforwardly replace the requirement to conduct ‘collective worship’ with a requirement to hold assemblies that will further pupils’ ‘spiritual, moral, social and cultural education’ and guidance issued under the reformed law should ensure that assemblies take due consideration of pupils’ religions or beliefs. Teachers, including non-religious teachers, can and do use assemblies to demonstrate that moral values and responses to ultimate questions of existence can be inclusively framed on shared values found in our different religion and beliefs, building on the common ground of our humanity. A reform in the law would encourage this good practice. If the law on worship and assemblies is changed, new guidance issued under the new law would doubtless contribute to a better sharing of good practice in the provision of inclusive and educational assemblies, and would represent a new entitlement for pupils that could command wide consensus – quite unlike the current requirement to provide ‘collective worship’.


Baroness Massey
COLLECTIVE WORSHIP – Briefing in support of the amendment of Baroness Massey of Darwen and others to the Education and Inspections Bill
Briefing from: Association of School and College Leaders, British Humanist Association, National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of the UK, National Union of Teachers and the Sikh Education Council. The amendment is also supported by: Hindu Council UK, which has circulated its own briefing.

COMPULSORY COLLECTIVE WORSHIP
New Clause: Amendment to repeal compulsory collective worship
BARONESS MASSEY OF DARWEN Before Clause 30 Insert the following new Clause— “Entitlement to spiritual, moral, social and cultural education in inclusive assemblies
(1) Chapter 6 of SSFA 1998 (religious education and worship) is amended as follows.
(2) For section 70(1) (requirements relating to collective worship) substitute— “(1) Each pupil in attendance at a community, foundation or voluntary school or an Academy shall on each school day take part in an assembly, which shall be directed at least in part towards furthering the spiritual, moral, social and cultural education of the pupils.
(3) For section 70(3) substitute— “(3) Subject to subsections (4) and (5) below, such assemblies should not include any religious worship.”
(4) After section 70(3) insert— “(4) Subject to section 71, in the case of a voluntary aided school with a religious character, the foundation governors or governing body may make arrangements for religious worship as a part of assemblies.
(5) The religious worship referred to in subsection (4) shall be in accordance with the trust deed relating to the school or, where provision for that purpose is not made by such a deed, in accordance with the tenets and practices of the religion or religious denomination specified in relation to the school under section 69(4).

ReferenceBHA BRIEFING (A): Education Bill Lords Committee Stage, June-July 2011

BHA Evidence to the Joint Committee on Human Rights: Education and Children Bill 2010
Collective Worship 
17. The Bill offers the opportunity to address a very significant violation of children’s rights: compulsory collective worship. Currently the law requires all maintained schools in England and Wales to provide a daily act of collective worship which is ‘wholly or mainly of a broadly Christian character’. ‘Faith’ schools can provide these acts of worship in accordance with their own religion. Children under 16 can be withdrawn from these acts of worship, but only at the request of their parents.
18. We believe that the best way to ensure the right of children to freedom of conscience, religion and belief - as articulated in Article 9(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights and Articles 12(1) and 14 of the CRC - would be for the current law requiring collective worship to be repealed and for assemblies not to contain any religious practice. The current opt-out system is not a satisfactory solution as it provides no entitlement to alternative educational provision for those who opt out, is inherently divisive and risks stigmatising children.
19. At the very least the right to withdraw should be transferred from the parent to the child when s/he is of sufficient (i.e. ‘Gillick’) maturity. As the JCHR has noted, ‘provisions which fail to guarantee children of sufficient maturity, intelligence and understanding the right to withdraw from compulsory religious education and collective worship are incompatible with their human rights’.

Reference: BHA Evidence to the Joint Committee on Human Rights: Education and Children Bill 2010
  • BHA BRIEFING 2011 : Protection of Freedoms Bill, Commons 2nd Reading, 1st March 2011
    • comments by humanists
  • BHA BRIEFING 2010: Academies Bill Lords Committee, June 2010
    • The BHA campaigns for inclusive school assemblies and against ‘collective worship’ in school, which excludes and offends many and is a matter of concern to teachers and head teachers, parents and pupils, and many religious people and organisations as well as humanists. It is the BHA’s firm position that there should be no collective worship in schools and certainly no legal requirements on schools to hold acts of worship, of any denomination. A school community may do many things together but, lacking a shared religion, it cannot worship collectively. In requiring schools to do so, the law is incoherent. On the other hand, good educational assemblies can accomplish much. Although the law on collective worship is clear, it is widely ignored. Ofsted's 2002-03 annual report, for example, states that ‘four fifths of schools do not hold a daily act of collective worship for all pupils’. An ignored law is a bad law and is very unhealthy in a democratic society.
  • BHA BRIEFING 2010: Worship in Schools 5th July 2010
  • BHA Letter to Michael Gove, November 2010
    • Dear Mr Gove 
    • We welcome your commitment to reducing bureaucracy in schools and scrapping unnecessary obligations on hard-pressed teachers. 
    • One such obligation, placed on all maintained schools in England, is to provide a daily act of ‘broadly Christian’ collective worship for their pupils. 
    • This law impedes schools’ ability to provide good inclusive assemblies and in practice the vast majority do not hold daily acts of collective worship, both because they lack space physically and in the timetable and because there are more effective ways of instilling shared values and a strong ethos in pupils. 
    • Assemblies have a vital educational role – they can bring a school together in celebration of common values, and can assist pupils in exploring questions of purpose, value and meaning together. Teachers can and do deliver assemblies which are accessible, inspirational, and linked to the curriculum. 
    • These aims, however, are not best served by a law that forces schools to hold acts of ‘reverence or veneration paid to a divine being or power’. 
    • In addition, this law is a clear infringement of the right to freedom of belief as set out in the European Convention of Human Rights, forcing pupils to take part in worship regardless of what they personally believe. 
    • The parental right of withdrawal is not a satisfactory solution - most pupils cannot opt themselves out and children who are withdrawn may miss important aspects of the assembly or feel isolated from their classmates. 
    • Teachers too are often put in an invidious position, having to lead acts of worship which may not reflect their own beliefs. 
    • In addition the law is at odds with the new Equality Act, which includes religion and belief as a protected characteristic. 
    • The removal of the compulsory nature of collective worship would not prevent faith schools from holding assemblies which reflect their religious character. It would simply mean that schools could decide for themselves what kind of assembly is best for their pupils, an approach which is entirely in keeping with the coalition government’s stated principle of freedom for schools. 
    • Teachers, parents and pupils – both religious and non-religious - have consistently opposed compulsory collective worship. We were not surprised that the idea of repealing the law quickly became one the most popular suggestions when the ‘Your Freedom’ site launched earlier this year. If the government wishes to repeal laws which needlessly restrict personal and professional freedom, then it is difficult to see why compulsory collective worship should not be one of the first to go. 
    • The forthcoming education bill provides a perfect opportunity to abolish this impractical and discriminatory law. 
    • Yours sincerely 
      • Simon Barrow Co-director, Ekklesia 
      • Jonathan Bartley Co-director, Ekklesia 
      • Christine Blower General Secretary, National Union of Teachers 
      • Andrew Copson Chief Executive, British Humanist Association 
      • Brian Lightman General Secretary, Association of School and College Leaders
      • Tehmina Kazi Director, British Muslims for Secular Democracy 
      • Neville Kenyon President, General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches 
      • Rabbi Dr Jonathan Romain MBE Chair, Accord Coalition and minster of Maidenhead synagogue

Monday, September 26, 2011

Resolution Revolution - Teachers Primary School Pack

Download complete pack here

Schools pack now available!


A Humanist social action initiative 
Humanists have always been concerned with social action, citizenship and good community. We want to support more people volunteering and doing things to help others. To achieve this we are running “Resolution Revolution”, a project which offers a twist on traditional New Year resolutions and encourages us all to make and keep a resolution to do to help others in 2012.

Many thanks to all the participants and schools that took part in last year’s pilot – the feedback has been fantastic and really useful to ensuring that this year’s website and schools materials reflect your experience as well as evidence based research on how resolutions are best made and kept.

The free toolkit for schools is available now. This stand alone schools project has been to designed for Key Stage 2 although the materials are all fully editable and have been used with EFL students and FE Colleges. The pack contains everything you need to run the project and highlight’s the targets and evidence that Resolution Revolution is designed to meet and help you collect.

Described by a head of year as ‘An upbeat project designed to get children thinking about helping others, without the religious baggage’ Resolution Revolution is a genuinely inclusive, seasonal activity. For more information or to receive a copy of the pack please complete the form on the BHA website.

What's this got to do with Humanism? 
Everything.

One of the central elements of a humanist view is that individual responsibility, social cooperation and mutual respect are vitally important. By taking positive action we can solve the problems of society by actively engaging with each other and basing our actions on shared human values. Making resolutions for change and working together to keep them is one way of doing this.



Related documents

Monday, September 19, 2011

A Level OCR Critical Thinking

source: OCR and A Level Specification Booklet.


Overview


Critical Thinking is a skills-based rather than content-based A Level. It develops the ability to interpret, analyse and evaluate ideas and arguments and can support thinking skills in all subject areas, from arts and humanities to sciences.

Benefits
  • Critical Thinking develops the ability to interpret, analyse and evaluate ideas and arguments 
  • Supports thinking skills in all subject areas, from arts and humanities to sciences.
The Cambridge Assessment definition of Critical Thinking Critical Thinking is:-

  • the analytical thinking which underlies all rational discourse and enquiry. It is characterised by a meticulous and rigorous approach. 
  • As an academic discipline, it is unique in that it explicitly focuses on the processes involved in being rational. These processes include: 
    • analysing arguments
    • judging the relevance and significance of information 
    • evaluating claims, inferences, arguments and explanations 
    • constructing clear and coherent arguments 
    • forming well-reasoned judgments and decisions. 
Being rational also requires an open-minded yet critical approach to one’s own thinking as well as that of other.

********

Daniel Tilbrook here wrote in 2010 a letter to the Qualifications and Curriculum Development Agency (the people who do the National Curriculum) suggesting that 'Critical Thinking' and 'The Enlightenment' be taught in History:-

Dear Sir or Madam,

I believe it is probably a good idea to confess straight away to being, irreversibly and unashamedly, an atheist. As this email is primarily regarding Religious matters, I feel it is important to view the context in which I am writing this letter.

I do not begrudge the teaching of Religious Education as part of the National Curriculum. My personal feelings aside I feel it is important (if only for pragmatic reasons) for young people to be taught about Religion. It is a core of the lives of many people throughout the world and to make no attempt to understand the beliefs of others can do nothing except create intolerance through misunderstanding. However I do object to the fact that Religious Education has an ephemeral and pervasive effect on the minds of young people that has little counterpoint.

One may argue that Science education could be considered the counterpoint, however the two are not entirely compatible. Science is the pursuit of truth, knowledge and data but doesn't necessarily provide the mental processes and tools for one to understand the abstracts of the date provided. As an example one could take the recent and ongoing "debate" of evolution vs creationism. Science is able to tell us that evolution exists and can present data to support this. The scientific consensus (as far as a consensus can ever be reached) is that evolution is a fact supported by evidence. However creationism either disavows evolution or (with little to no testable evidence) claims that "God" started evolution in the first place. Science can do little to refute this, as the idea that a "God" created the world and still continues to manipulate it's processes is a deeply held belief. This belief has, in most cases, been fostered by parents and loved ones from birth and, indeed, been supported by the National Curriculum. Furthermore "faith schools" are allowed to devote as much time as they please to Religious Education so long as they meet the minimum set by the National Curriculum for other subjects, further compounding a belief system that can be both rigid and downright hostile to critical thinking and knowledge that does not fit in with their pre-defined worldview.

While I may appear, in the last paragraph, repulsed by the idea of R.E. (which, it must be admitted, is somewhat true) I do, as I have mentioned, acknowledge the wisdom in teaching R.E. in a world where religion plays a major factor. Therefore I return to my previous point of a counterpoint to R.E. I propose one of two solutions to what I perceive to be a void in the education and reasoning skills of young people. My first and most preferable solution is to include, in the national curriculum, the subject of Critical Thinking, with lesson devoted to questioning the world around us: Where does a belief derive from?; Is there proof?; Is this proof reliable?; What evidence is there for this belief?; Are there alternative theories? The teaching of Critical Thinking would have applications not just in theoretical and academic surroundings, but also at a societal and work setting. Critical thinking makes us evaluate the way we view the world. It is very difficult to discriminate when you are constantly questioning the beliefs that discrimination is founded on. It is easy to innovate in business when one is able to evaluate critically the existing processes and then refine them.

My second idea, were the first unsuitable or unfeasible, would be to at least teach the Enlightenment during history lessons. The Enlightenment was an enormously important, culturally diverse and scientifically significant period in the history of the world. Understanding the process of challenging the established order that the Enlightenment represented would go at least some way towards teaching children some of the tools required to think critically for themselves.

I hope this letter has not seemed vitriolic or unreasonable at any point as this was certainly not my intention. I also apologize if this email has been in error to the wrong department or if it has no relevance to the function that this email address was set up for. If this is the case I would appreciate if you would forward this email to the appropriate person or organization.

Thank you for your time, Daniel Tillbrook 


Teaching Secular Worldviews say:- 
'Should Critical Thinking & the history of 'The Enlightenment' be incorporated into Religious Education studies? Or is this an anathema to Religious Education? What do you think?'

Teaching Scientific Method

Teaching Secular Worldviews includes the teaching of Scientific Method alongside teaching Humanism and Atheism.

But how do teachers define what is meant by Scientific Method? James Williams (CV and Profile) of Sussex University wrote 'JUST HOW DOES SCIENCE WORK? THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND KS4 SCIENCE'

Abstract 
'The new programme of study for KS4 science has, as an underpinning approach, ‘how science works’ (HSW). This paper reports on some small scale research into trainee teachers’ understanding of the scientific method and definitions of key terms in science that relate to HSW. After a brief examination of aspects of the history and philosophy of science and approaches to the scientific method, the paper documents the results of a questionnaire put to 25 trainee secondary science teachers. Respondents were asked to provide an account of their understanding of the scientific method and definitions of terms such as facts, theory, law and hypothesis. Results from this research shows that there is no commonality of understanding of the scientific method and varying definitions of key terms that reveal misconceptions about the actual status of theories and Laws in science. The implication of this research is that a better approach to the teaching of HSW must be developed that includes agreed aspects of the scientific method and revised terminology that removes ambiguity from the definitions of key terms in science.'

James Williams wrote the book (pub. February 2011) How Science Works: Teaching and Learning in the Science Classroom.

Product Description This title introduces how science works, the way science is now taught in secondary schools, to all teachers - whether trainee, recently qualified or established. "How Science Works (HSW)" provides the opportunity for pupils not only to understand the facts of science, but also to develop as critical thinkers and to become creative problem-solvers. James Williams introduces HSW, looking at the background to this approach to teaching science and draws on the current curriculum to explore strategies for effectively introducing aspects of HSW into lessons across all the science disciplines. Each chapter includes reflective tasks to use individually or as part of group discussions, research tasks, further reading and associated web links.
About the Author James D. Williams is Lecturer in Science Education at the University of Sussex, UK.

Wednesday, July 13, 2011

PZ Myers & Richard Dawkins: The Danger of Teaching Children to believe in Faith rather than Evidence



Listen from 27 minutes.

PZ Myers (PZM)
i'm often told by the relgious 'you shouldn't worry about the moderate christians or muslims, its only the extremist fanatics that should worry you'. I will attack unitarians, buddhists, methodists, anglicans, etc. What it comes down to is [Relgious] Faith. We have a culture that regards Faith as a virture. Faith is promoted in all these religions even the most moderate. I will not tolerate this excuse of Faith. Wallowing in ignorance is not the answer!
Richard Dawkins @ 28 minutes: mild and gentle people teach children that faith is a virtue, that it's a good thing to believe something just because you have faith and you don't have to justify it. Then those children will grow up and a minority of them will say, well my faith says 'go and bomb skyscrapers' and such. Moderate religious people have this pernicious influence of glorifying faith and actually making it a positive virtue. Doubting Thomas, the least admired of the disciples, the patron saint of scientists, actually wanted evidence, but we are taught as children that it is better to believe without evidence than with evidence. That is the fuse that after a long burning can produce true fanaticism and violence.
PZ Myers @ 29': The opposite of Faith is criticism. We come from a scientific culture that values critical thinking, argument and criticism. Which is antithetical to what you do when you are favouring Faith. In Faith you are not supposed to question things. Or its ok to question things as long as you come up with the right answer - that you go on believing!
Richard Dawkins at 30': I've heard countless stories of children being criticised for simply questioning. I met a man in Dublin last week who said he was thrown out of Sunday School for simply asking 'why didn't all the other boats float along with Noahs!'

Friday, July 1, 2011

Dorset SACRE Agreed Syllabus for RE 2011 & Teaching Secular Worldviews

New Dorset RE Syllabus
On 28th June 2011, the Dorset SACRE Agreed Syllabus for Religious Education 2011 was launched to over one hundred Dorset RE teachers at Springfield Hotel in Wareham.  From September 2011, Dorset Primary schools can and KS3 schools must focus on Secular Worldviews such as Humanism or Atheism.

Teaching Secular Worldviews
To coincide with the launch of the new Dorset RE Syllabus, a new website, 'Teaching Secular Worldviews', was developed by Chris Street to provide secular worldview (such as humanism & atheism & scientific method) resources for UK RE teachers. Our presenters will give the 'Secular Worldview RE Workshops' at your school anywhere in Great Britain. The presentation will follow your locally agreed SACRE RE syllabus.

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Chris Street
Wendy Dimmick

Secular Worldview RE Resources

Debate: Does religion in education lead towards division or inspiration?

On June 15th 2011 the Accord Coalition and University College London held a panel debate asking whether religion in education lead towards division or inspiration?

The event was held to mark the 140th anniversary of the University Tests Act 1871, which brought to end almost all religious discrimination in Universities in the UK. The speakers were Rabbi Dr Jonathan Romain (Chair Accord Coalition), Dr Muhammad Abdul Bari (Secretary General of the Muslim Council of Britain, 2006-2010), The Rt Hon Charles Clarke (Secretary of State for Education 2002-04) and Andrew Copson (Chef Executive of the British Humanist Association).

A recording of the debate is now available to watch online at:
https://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/events/2011/06/22/%E2%80%98religion-in-education-towards-division-or-inspiration%E2%80%99/.

Sunday, April 3, 2011

BHA: All students should have the opportunity to learn about non-religious beliefs in RE

Reference: http://www.humanism.org.uk/news/view/779

MAR 31 2011 BHA:
All students should have the opportunity to learn about non-religious beliefs in RE The news that Humanism will be included in a new RE syllabus in a Lancashire local authority from September has elicited a number of reactions in the media this week.

The Daily Express warns us of 'lessons in Atheism' for young children. The Mail quotes a local councillor as feeling that: ‘I don't think it is right. People are born into faiths and are brought up in that faith and that's how it should stay.’

A particularly interesting perspective comes from a local Catholic priest Father Michael Lavin. Quoted in the Sun, Father Lavin opined: ‘I think that four years old is too young to be learning about atheism, at that age they hardly know what Christianity is.... It is difficult to get youngsters to understand theology and spiritual concepts. Children tend to struggle when you are making the first Holy Communion.’
source: The Sun 
http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/features/3501156/Primary-school-children-to-be-taught-atheism-in-Blackburn.html

Jenny Pennington, Education Campaigns Officer commented: ‘What a lot of these commentators fail to understand is that for many parents, teachers and RE campaigners this news story will appear wholly curious. The study of Humanism has been a feature of school RE for at least four decades and first appeared in a local syllabus in the early 1970s. Today, most of the 152 local syllabuses in this country include the study of Humanist perspectives.’

‘Learning about non-religious answers to questions alongside religious ones contributes to the development of pupils' own perspectives and educates them about the beliefs of millions of their fellow citizens. It ensures that non-religious students are able to feel fully included in discussions around ethics and morality.

‘We are delighted that Blackburn with Darwen local authority have taken this step to include non-religious perspectives on their RE curriculum. However, we stress the need to ensure that all students, around the country, are also able to learn about the full range of beliefs in society.’

Thursday, March 31, 2011

Children as young as four to be educated in atheism & humanism - Daily Mail

School pupils aged just four are to be taught atheism in a move schools hope will equip them to be 'citizens of the world'.

Education bosses in Blackburn with Darwen, Lancashire, have radically restructured the RE syllabus to accommodate non-religious beliefs.

Youngsters will continue to learn about the six major faiths - Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism and Sikhism - but they will also be taught humanism, the belief that there is no God or Gods, and that moral values are founded on human nature and experience.

Read more: Daily Mail and Lancashire Telegraph and Richard Dawkins.net

Update: 31st March 2011, Dorset RE Syllabus will include 'Secular worldviews' such as Humanism / Atheism which MUST be studied at KS3.

Monday, February 21, 2011

Sunday, R4 discuss the crisis of RE in schools

The teaching of Religious Edcuation in schools in crisis. It has been omitted from the new English Baccaluareate and a recent survey found that a third of all secondary schools will cut it from their curriculum. Professor Trevor Cooling, Reverend Jan Ainley and Dr Phillip Barnes discuss.

What is the role of secularism and humanism in RE?

Listen via iPlayer (from 33- 45 minutes)

Saturday, February 19, 2011

BHA meets with schools minister Nick Gibb MP

FEB182011

BHA Chief Executive Andrew Copson and Head of Public Affairs Naomi Phillips met with the schools minister Nick Gibb MP at the Department for Education. Mr Copson explained the BHA’s long history in education, campaigning for inclusive schools since the early 1900s and on RE since the 1950s.

Mr Copson raised the BHA’s concerns about religious discrimination in the state school system and the funding of ‘faith’ schools. Mr Gibb replied that the government did not agree with the BHA’s position on ‘faith’ schools.

We raised the issue of compulsory worship, informing the minister that it was one of the most frequent reasons why parents got in touch with us, worried about their children being forced to worship and equally not wanting to withdraw them from whole class or school activities. Mr Gibb stated that he felt there was already enough flexibility in the system, with schools being able to apply for “determinations” so that they do not have to have mainly Christian content in the worship.

We raised the issue of evolution in the curriculum, asking for the government’s position on including evolution as a core part of the primary science curriculum. Mr Gibb said that he agreed that the teaching of evolution should be compulsory at secondary level. Mr Gibb also said that he and his department were robust in their response to requests from religious groups wanting the inclusion of creationism and “intelligent design” in science lessons, stating that creationism has no basis in science and should not be taught as such.

The topic of Religious Education was discussed, with particular reference to the inefficiency of RE curriculums being locally determined and the deleterious effect on the subject because of that. The BHA argued that RE should be included in the current review of the curriculum being carried out by Mr Gibb’s department.

Saturday, February 5, 2011

a rationalist/fideist paradox

reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fideism#In_culture (accessed 5th February 2011)


Douglas Adams, in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, uses his Babel fish to demonstrate a rationalist/fideist paradox:
"I refuse to prove that I exist," says God, "for proof denies faith, and without faith I am nothing."
"But," says Man, "the Babel fish is a dead giveaway isn't it? It could not have evolved by chance. It proves that You exist, and so therefore, by Your own arguments, You don't. Q.E.D."
"Oh dear," says God, "I hadn't thought of that," and promptly vanishes in a puff of logic.
"Oh, that was easy," says Man, and for an encore goes on to prove that black is white and gets himself killed on the next zebra crossing.